Dossier désinformation (en)

<br/><center>
<big><big>Mesures actives</big></big><br/>Term for the actions of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian security services</small><br/>russian = активные мероприятия - aktivnye meropriyatiya<br/><br/></center>

'''Active measures''' is the [[political warfare]] conducted by the Soviet or [[Russian Federation|Russian]] government since the 1920s.

It includes offensive programs such as 
* disinformation, 
* [[propaganda]], 
* deception, 
* sabotage, 
* [[Destabilisation|destabilization]]
* espionage.  

The programs were based on foreign policy priorities of the Soviet Union.

<ref name="am">[[Jolanta Darczewska]], [[Piotr Żochowski]]. [[Active measures]]. Russia’s key export. [[OSW Point of View]], No 64, June 2017.</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|page=1|author=Testimony of Alexander, Gen. (ret.) Keith B.|author-link=Keith B. Alexander|title=Disinformation: A Primer in Russian Active Measures and Influence Campaigns|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=[[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]|url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-kalexander-033017.pdf|access-date=January 8, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Mitrokhin">{{cite book|last1=Mitrokhin|first1=Vasili|author-link1=Vasili Mitrokhin|last2=Andrew|first2=Christopher|author-link2=Christopher Andrew (historian)|title=The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/25373/the-mitrokhin-archive/|publisher=Penguin|date=2000|isbn=0-14-028487-7}} ([[Mitrokhin Archive|en.wikipedia]]) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=T3pzswEACAAJ&dq=The%20Mitrokhin%20Archive<!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=-fJXtQEACAAJ&dq=The%20Mitrokhin%20Archive --> google books])</ref>


Active measures have continued in the post-Soviet era in Russia.

==Description==

Active measures were conducted by the [[Soviet security services|Soviet and Russian security services]] ([[Cheka]], [[State Political Directorate|OGPU]], [[NKVD]], [[KGB]], [[Federal Security Service|FSB]]) to influence the course of world events, in addition to [[Intelligence collection| collecting intelligence]] and producing revised  assessments of it. Active measures range "from [[media manipulation]]s to ''special actions'' involving various degrees of violence". Beginning in the 1920s,they were used both abroad and domestically.
<ref name="Mitrokhin"/>

Active measures includes the establishment and support of 
* international [[front organizations]] (e.g., the [[World Peace Council]]); 
* foreign [[communist]], [[socialist]] and [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] parties; 
* [[wars of national liberation]] in the [[Third World]].  

It also included supporting underground, revolutionary, [[insurgency]], [[Crime|criminal]], and [[terrorism|terrorist]] groups.  

Further the programs 
* [[counterfeit]]ed official documents, 
* [[assassination]]s, 
* and [[political repression]], such as penetration into churches, and persecution of political dissidents.  

The intelligence agencies of [[Eastern Bloc]] states also contributed to the program, providing operatives and intelligence for assassinations and other types of covert operations.
<ref name="Mitrokhin" />

Retired KGB Major General [[Oleg Kalugin]], former Head of Foreign Counter Intelligence for the KGB (1973-1979), described active measures as "the heart and soul of [[Soviet intelligence]]":
:"Not intelligence collection, but [[subversion]]: active measures to weaken the West, to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts, particularly [[NATO]], to sow discord among allies, to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs."

<ref name="Kalugin">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627183623/http://www3.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/21/interviews/kalugin/ Interview of Oleg Kalugin on CNN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627183623/http://www3.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/21/interviews/kalugin/ |date=June 27, 2007 }}</ref>

According to the [[Mitrokhin Archives]], active measures was taught in the [[Academy of Foreign Intelligence|Andropov Institute]] of the [[KGB]] situated at [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Foreign Intelligence Service]] (SVR) headquarters in [[Yasenevo District]] of Moscow. The head of the "active measures department" was [[Yuri Modin]], former controller of the [[Cambridge Five]] spy ring.
<ref name="Mitrokhin" />

== History ==

As early as 1923, [[Joseph Stalin]] ordered the creation of a [[Special Disinformation Office]]. It is theorized that [[Joseph Stalin]] himself coined  the term “disinformation” in 1923 by giving it a French sounding name in order to deceive other nations into believing it was a practice invented in France.

The noun “disinformation” does not originate from Russia, it is a translation of the French word ''désinformation''.

<ref>Ion Mihai Pacepa, Ronald J. Rychiak (June 25, 2013). ''Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism''. WND Books, {{ISBN|978-1936488605}}, pp. 4-6, 34-39, and 75.</ref>

<ref>Martin J. Manning, Herbert Romerstein (Nov. 30, 2004). ''Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda''. Greenwood pub., {{ISBN|978-0313296055}}, pp. 82-83.</ref>

But French etymologists reject the origin of the word to the Soviet Union between the [[World War I]] and the [[World War II]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== Implementation ==

=== Guerrillas ===

==== Promotion of guerrilla organizations worldwide ====
Soviet secret services have been described as "the primary instructors of guerrillas worldwide".

<ref name="Lunev">[[Stanislav Lunev]]. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. {{ISBN|0-89526-390-4}}</ref>

<ref>[[Viktor Suvorov]] ''[http://lib.ru/WSUWOROW/intelligence_engl.txt Inside Soviet Military Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830232410/http://lib.ru/WSUWOROW/intelligence_engl.txt|date=2005-08-30}}'', 1984, {{ISBN|0-02-615510-9}}</ref>

<ref>[[Viktor Suvorov]] ''[http://lib.ru/WSUWOROW/specnaz_engl.txt Spetsnaz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910035911/http://lib.ru/WSUWOROW/specnaz_engl.txt|date=2005-09-10}}'', 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, {{ISBN|0-241-11961-8}}</ref>

According to [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], KGB General [[Aleksandr Sakharovsky]] once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon."

<ref name="Pacep2Duplicate">[http://www.nationalreview.com/article/218533/russian-footprints-ion-mihai-pacepa Russian Footprints] – by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], National Review Online, August 24, 2006</ref>

He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention".
In 1969 alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the KGB-financed [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]].
<ref name="Pacep2Duplicate" />

Lt. General [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] described operation "SIG" (“[[Zionist]] Governments”) that was devised in 1972, to turn the whole Islamic world against [[Israel]] and the [[United States]]. KGB chairman [[Yury Andropov]] explained to Pacepa that
<blockquote>a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a Nazi-style hatred for the Jews throughout the Islamic world, and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against Israel and its main supporter, the United States
<ref name="Pacep2Duplicate" />

=== Installing and undermining governments ===

{{See also|Russia–European Union relations#Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states}}
After World War II, Soviet security organizations played a key role in installing puppet Communist governments in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[People's Republic of China]], [[North Korea]], and later [[Afghanistan]]. Their strategy included mass [[political repression]]s and establishment of subordinate secret services in all occupied countries
<ref name="Ovseenko">Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, Beria, Moscow, 1999</ref>

<ref name="Gordievsky">[[Oleg Gordievsky|Gordievsky, Oleg]]; [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Andrew, Christopher]] (1990). KGB: The Inside Story. Hodder & Stoughton. {{ISBN|0-340-48561-2}}.</ref>

Some of the active measures were undertaken by the Soviet secret services against their own governments or Communist rulers. Russian historians [[Anton Antonov-Ovseenko]] and [[Edvard Radzinsky]] suggested that [[Joseph Stalin]] was killed by associates of [[NKVD]] chief [[Lavrentiy Beria]], based on the interviews of a former Stalin body guard and circumstantial evidence.
<ref name="Radzinsky">[[Edvard Radzinsky]] Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997) {{ISBN|0-385-47954-9}}</ref>

According to Yevgeniya Albats allegations, Chief of the [[KGB]] [[Vladimir Semichastny]] was among the plotters against [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in 1964.
<ref name="Albats">Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia—Past, Present, and Future''. 1994. {{ISBN|0-374-52738-5}}.</ref>


KGB chairman [[Yuri Andropov]] reportedly struggled for power with [[Leonid Brezhnev]].

<ref name="Soloviev">Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepikova (translated by Guy Daniels) ''Yuri Andropov, a secret passage into the Kremlin'' London: R. Hale, 1984. {{ISBN|0-7090-1630-1}}</ref>
The [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991]] against [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] was organized by [[KGB]] chairman [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]].
<ref name="Albats" /> [[Viktor Pavlovich Barannikov|Gen. Viktor Barannikov]], then the former State Security head, became one of the leaders of the uprising against [[Boris Yeltsin]] during the [[Russian constitutional crisis of 1993]].
<ref name="Albats" />

The current Russian [[intelligence service]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]], allegedly works to undermine governments of former Soviet [[satellite state]]s like [[Poland]], the [[Baltic states]]
<ref name="Soldatov2">[http://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/22n/n22n-s15.shtml Special services of Russian Federation work in the former Soviet Union (Russian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212062546/http://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/22n/n22n-s15.shtml|date=2007-02-12}} – by Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan, [[Novaya Gazeta]], 27 March 2006.</ref>
and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
<ref name="Giorgadze">[http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?idr=1&id=703046 Moscow Accused of Backing Georgian Revolt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190833/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?idr=1&id=703046|date=2007-09-30}} Olga Allenova and Vladimir Novikov, Kommersant, September 7, 2006.</ref>
During the [[2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy]] several Russian GRU case officers were accused by Georgian authorities of preparations to commit sabotage and terrorist acts.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

=== Political assassinations ===
The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] claimed to have had a conversation with [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]], who told him about "ten international leaders the Kremlin killed or tried to kill": [[László Rajk]] and [[Imre Nagy]] from Hungary; [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]] and [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] from Romania; [[Rudolf Slánský]] and [[Jan Masaryk]] from [[Czechoslovakia]]; the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]]; [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], President of [[Pakistan]]; [[Palmiro Togliatti]] from Italy; [[John F. Kennedy]]; and [[Mao Zedong]]. Pacepa provided some other claims, such as a plot to kill Mao Zedong with the help of [[Lin Biao]] organized by the [[KGB]] and alleged that "among the leaders of Moscow’s satellite intelligence services there was unanimous agreement that the KGB had been involved in the assassination of President Kennedy."
<ref name="Pacepa0">[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ= The Kremlin’s Killing Ways] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808171854/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ%3D|date=2007-08-08}} – by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, November 28, 2006</ref>

The second President of [[Afghanistan]], [[Hafizullah Amin]], was killed by KGB [[Alpha Group]] in [[Operation Storm-333]]. Presidents of the unrecognized [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] organized by Chechen separatists including [[Dzhokhar Dudaev]], [[Zelimkhan Yandarbiev]], [[Aslan Maskhadov]], and [[Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev]] were killed by [[FSB (Russia)|FSB]] and affiliated forces.

Other widely publicized cases are murders of Russian communist [[Leon Trotsky]] and Bulgarian writer [[Georgi Markov]].

There were also allegations that the KGB was behind the [[Pope John Paul II assassination attempt|assassination attempt]] against [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1981. The Italian [[Mitrokhin Commission]], headed by senator [[Paolo Guzzanti]] ([[Forza Italia]]), worked on the Mitrokhin Archives from 2003 to March 2006. The Italian Mitrokhin commission received criticism during and after its existence.
<ref name="Unit">''[[L'Unità]]'', 1 December 2006.</ref>
It was closed in March 2006 without any proof brought to its various controversial allegations, including the claim that [[Romano Prodi]], former Prime minister of Italy and former [[President of the European Commission]], was the "KGB's man in Europe." One of Guzzanti's informers, [[Mario Scaramella]], was arrested for defamation and arms trading at the end of 2006.
<ref name="Guardian">''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 December 2006 [https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,,1962357,00.html Spy expert at centre of storm] {{in lang|en}}</ref>

=== Puppet rebel forces ===

==== Operation Trust ====
In "[[Operation Trust]]" (1921–1926), the [[State Political Directorate]] (OGPU) set up a fake anti-[[Bolshevik]] underground organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia". The main success of this operation was luring [[Boris Savinkov]] and [[Sidney Reilly]] into the Soviet Union, where they were arrested and executed.

==== Basmachi revolt ====
During the [[Basmachi Revolt]] (started 1916) in [[Central Asia]], special military detachments masqueraded as [[Basmachi]] forces and received support from British and Turkish intelligence services. The operations of these detachments facilitated the collapse of the Basmachi movement and led to the assassination of [[Enver Pasha]].
<ref name="Bodansk">[[Yossef Bodansky]] ''The Secret History of the Iraq War'' (Notes: The historical record). Regan Books, 2005, {{ISBN|0-06-073680-1}}</ref>

==== Post World War II counter-insurgency operations ====
Following World War II, various partisan organizations in the Baltic States, Poland and Western Ukraine (including some previous collaborators of Germany) fought for independence of their countries against Soviet forces. Many [[NKVD]] agents were sent to join and penetrate the independence movements. Puppet rebel forces were also created by the NKVD and permitted to attack local Soviet authorities to gain credibility and exfiltrate senior NKVD agents to the West.
<ref name="Bodansk" />

=== Supporting political movements ===
According to [[Stanislav Lunev]], [[GRU]] alone spent more than $1 billion for the [[peace movements]] against the [[Vietnam War]], which was a "hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost".
<ref name="Lunev" /> Lunev claimed that "the GRU and the KGB helped to fund just about every [[antiwar movement]] and organization in America and abroad".
<ref name="Lunev" />

The [[World Peace Council]] was established on the orders of the Communist Party of the USSR in the late 1940s and for over forty years carried out campaigns against western, mainly American, military action. Many organisations controlled or influenced by Communists affiliated themselves with it. According to [[Oleg Kalugin]],
<blockquote>... the Soviet intelligence [was] really unparalleled. ... The [KGB] programs—which would run all sorts of congresses, peace congresses, youth congresses, festivals, women's movements, trade union movements, campaigns against U.S. missiles in Europe, campaigns against neutron weapons, allegations that AIDS ... was invented by the CIA ... all sorts of forgeries and faked material—[were] targeted at politicians, the academic community, at [the] public at large. ...
<ref name="Kalugin" /></blockquote>

It has been widely claimed that the Soviet Union organised and financed western peace movements; for example, ex-KGB agent [[Sergei Tretyakov (intelligence officer)|Sergei Tretyakov]] claimed that in the early 1980s the KGB wanted to prevent the United States from deploying nuclear missiles and that they used the [[Soviet Peace Committee]] to organize and finance peace demonstrations in western Europe.
<ref name="Comrade J">Pete Earley, "Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War", Penguin Books, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-399-15439-3}}, pages 167-177</ref>

<ref name="CNN Opposition to the Bomb">[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/the.bomb/opposition/ Opposition to The Bomb: The fear, and occasional political intrigue, behind the ban-the-bomb movements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418133553/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/the.bomb/opposition/|date=April 18, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Moscow and the Peace, Offensive">[http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg184.cfm 1982 Article "Moscow and the Peace, Offensive"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027233109/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg184.cfm|date=2008-10-27}}</ref>
(Western intelligence agencies, however, have found no evidence of this.)
<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/cia/docs/68/0000538627/INTERNATIONAL-CONNNECTIONS-OF-US-PEACE-GROUPS.html#ixzz1bPHUi8Oe Central Intelligence Agency, "International Connection of US Peace Groups]</ref>

<ref>Christopher Andrew, ''The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5'', Allen Lane, 2009 {{ISBN|0-7139-9885-7}}</ref>
Tretyakov made a further uncorroborated claim that "The KGB was responsible for creating the entire [[nuclear winter]] story to stop the [[Pershing II]] missiles,"
<ref name="Comrade J" /> and that they fed misinformation to western peace groups and thereby influenced a key scientific paper on the topic by western scientists.
<ref>[[Paul Crutzen]] and John Birks, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4312777?cookieSet=1 "The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon"], ''Ambio'', 11, 1982, pp.114-125</ref>

=== United States ===
Some of the active measures by the [[USSR]] against the [[United States]] were exposed in the [[Mitrokhin Archive]]:
<ref name="Mitrokhin" />

* Discrediting of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), using historian [[Philip Agee]] (codenamed PONT).{{citation needed |date=September 2020}}
* Stirring up racial tensions in the United States by mailing bogus letters from the [[Ku Klux Klan]], placing an explosive package in "the Negro section of New York" ([[Operation PANDORA]]).
* Planting claims that both [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] had been assassinated by the CIA.
<ref name="g">[https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2017/jun/14/russian-fake-news-is-not-new-soviet-aids-propaganda-cost-countless-lives Russian fake news is not new: Soviet Aids propaganda cost countless lives], ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref>

<ref>Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, vol. 1, ch. 14</ref>

<ref name="m">Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin. Mitrokhin Archive II The KGB in the World.</ref>

<ref name="h">Holland, Max. [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html The Lie that Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination].</ref>

* In the Middle East in 1975, the KGB claimed to identify 45 statesmen from around the world who had been the victims of successful or unsuccessful CIA assassination attempts over the past decade.
<ref name="m" />
* Make US military aid to the [[El Salvador]] government (increased more than fivefold by the Reagan administration between 1981 and 1984) so unpopular within the United States that public opinion would demand that it be halted. About 150 committees were created in the United States which spoke out against US interference in El Salvador, and contacts were made with US Senators.
<ref name="m" />
* Starting rumors that fluoridated drinking water was in fact a plot by the US government to affect population control.
<ref name="g" />
* Fabrication of the story that [[HIV|AIDS virus]] was [[Operation INFEKTION|manufactured by US scientists]] at [[Fort Detrick]]; the story was spread by Russian-born biologist [[Jakob Segal]].

In 1974, according to KGB statistics, over 250 active measures were targeted against the CIA alone, leading to denunciations of Agency abuses, both real and (more frequently) imaginary{{citation needed |date=September 2020}}, in media, parliamentary debates, demonstrations and speeches by leading politicians around the world.
<ref>Mitrokhin Archive. vol. 3 pak, app. 3, item 410</ref>

<ref name="m" />

== Russian Federation active measures - 1991 to present ==
{{See also|Cold War II{{!}}New Cold War|Propaganda in the Russian Federation}}

Active measures have continued in the post-Soviet era in the [[Russian Federation]] and are in many ways based on Cold War schematics.
<ref name="am"/>

After the 2014 [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], Kremlin-controlled media spread disinformation about Ukraine's government. In July 2014, [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17|Malaysia Airlines flight MH17]] was shot down by a Russian missile over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 passengers. Kremlin-controlled media and online agents spread disinformation, claiming Ukraine had shot down the airplane.
<ref>{{cite journal|date=22 February 2018|title=Russian disinformation distorts American and European democracy|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/02/22/russian-disinformation-distorts-american-and-european-democracy|journal=[[The Economist]]|access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

Russia's alleged disinformation campaign, its involvement in [[Brexit|the UK's withdrawal from the EU]], [[interference in the 2016 United States presidential election]], and its alleged support of far-right movements in the West, has been compared to the Soviet Union's active measures in that it aims to "disrupt and discredit Western democracies".
<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21711538-1930s-moscow-beacon-international-movement-russian-propaganda|title=The motherlands calls: Russian propaganda is state-of-the-art again|journal=[[The Economist]]|date=10 December 2016|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/russia-is-already-winning-214648|title=Russia Is Already Winning|publisher=[[Politico Magazine]]|date=18 January 2017|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>

In testimony before the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|United States Senate Intelligence Committee]] hearing on the U.S. policy response to Russian interference in the 2016 elections, [[Victoria Nuland]], former US Ambassador to NATO, referred to herself as "a regular target of Russian active measures."
<ref>CSPAN, Senate Intelligence Committee on the policy response to Russian interference in the 2016 elections: [https://www.c-span.org/video/?447328-1/obama-administration-officials-testify-russia-election-interference#Victoria&start=772 Victoria Nuland testimony], June 20, 2018. URL accessed July 19, 2018</ref>

<ref>[https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/CHRG-115shrg30501.pdf HEARING BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE "OPEN HEARING: POLICY RESPONSE TO THE RUSSIAN INTERFERENCE IN THE 2016 U.S. ELECTIONS"   JUNE 20, 2018]</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Active Measures Working Group]]
*[[Agent of influence]]
*[[Agents provocateurs]]
*[[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies]]
*[[Covert operation]]
* [[Dezinformatsia (book)]]
*[[Disinformation]]
*[[First Chief Directorate]] of KGB of the USSR
*[[Front organization]]
*[[Hybrid warfare]]
* [[The KGB and Soviet Disinformation]] (Book)
*[[Kompromat]]
*[[Mitrokhin Archive]] (smuggled records of KGB)
*[[Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services]]
*[[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]]
*[[Russian web brigades]]
*[[Soviet influence on the peace movement]]
* [[Special Propaganda]] the [[Psychological Operations]] of the former [[USSR]]
* [[Troll farm]]
*[[Whataboutism]]
*[[International Communist Conspiracy]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}

* [[Jolanta Darczewska]], [[Piotr Żochowski]]. (June 2017). [http://aei.pitt.edu/88535/1/pw_64_ang_active-measures_net_0.pdf Active Measures Russia’s key export]. [[Centre for Eastern Studies]]. {{ISBN|978-83-65827-03-6}}
*[[Vasili Mitrokhin]] and [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]], ''The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World'', Basic Books (2005) hardcover, 677 pages {{ISBN|0-465-00311-7}}
* Ishmael Jones, ''The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture'', New York: Encounter Books (2010) ({{ISBN|978-1-59403-223-3}}).
* DFRLab Team, [https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Operation-Secondary-Infektion_English.pdf Operation Secondary Infektion]. (undated). (pdf).

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112144010/http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/russiad%26d_folder/russiadis%26dectoc.html Bibliography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052728/http://cicentre.com/disinformation.htm Crash Course in KGB/SVR/FSB Disinformation and Active Measures] – by The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies, USA
*[http://www.answers.com/topic/disinformation Disinformation] – from Encyclopedia of Intelligence
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104092905/http://usinfo.state.gov/media/misinformation.html Identifying Misinformation] – by US State Department
*[https://www.bu.edu/iscip/vol10/Bittman.html Disinforming the Public] – by Lawrence Bittma
*[http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/index.htm#Contents Soviet Active Measures in the "Post-Cold War" Era 1988–1991] – by US Information Agency
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060223070505/http://axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=252 Russian Secret Services' Links With Al-Qaeda] (AIA information agency)
*[https://www.psywar.org/content/sovietActiveMeasures Soviet Active Measures in the West and the Developing World] Autumn 1981
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhAzGLb1j40 Yuri Bezmenov: Deception Was My Job (Complete)] 1984

{{Soviet Bloc disinformation in the Cold War}}
{{Cold War}}

[[Category:Cold War espionage]]
[[Category:Communist theory]]
[[Category:Communist propaganda]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:KGB]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Propaganda in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Psychological warfare techniques]]
[[Category:Russian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Soviet intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Soviet phraseology]]

:____
<small>''<references />''</small>
<br/>